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                <text>Nazi propaganda minister Josef Goebbels was the first to suggest a "general distinguishing mark" for German Jews in May 1938. German SS and police official Reinhard Heydrich reiterated the proposal idea on November 12, 1938, during a meeting with Herman Göring following Kristallnacht. Jews were responsible for buying and distributing their badges. Stars of David marked with the word "Jude" in German were likely from Germany or Austria. Armbands were often used in the ghettos and at concentration camps. </text>
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                <text>The Office National des Anciens Combattants et Victims de Guerre (The National Office for Veterans and Victims of War) sent a "certificate of disappearance" concerning Monique's mother, Valentine. The certificate did not recognize that she died at Auschwitz. </text>
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