42 10 1266 https://omeka.drew.edu/files/original/46e374c4f18c86c781a0c6bcca9b4f91.JPG e9e94eb4c6c0c6beef5c1e60b125a75f https://omeka.drew.edu/files/original/d7d078a88a5701781354440a7eb10134.jpg deb681ea30288970bf23401465eb4b7a https://omeka.drew.edu/files/original/32783f1a5c79688c3b59f734d924efaf.jpg 382b03d44f55c3706222406ec06eb445 https://omeka.drew.edu/files/original/2d609173b0ec4e68bd010957196d88e0.jpg edcb08c05e6f73d272575523e0444060 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Passaic River Artifacts IIIF Collection Metadata UUID 489fdc91-9dc6-4c1f-97fc-901000444d27 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource DUPRS_0033 Round Bottom Glass Bottle Subject The topic of the resource Round bottom green-tinted glass bottle Description An account of the resource Fragments and partially complete, green-tinted, rounded bottom glass bottles. One basal fragment is approximately 5.5 centimeters wide from one side of the bottle to the other. The glass is approximately 1 cm thick. No markings are visible. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource No markings visible indicating manufacturer. Similar bottles were typically used for mineral water or carbonated soda drinks manufactured and used between approximately 1870-1910 and often manufactured in Great Britain. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Selective Surface collection, east Stanley Park, Historic Chatham Township (modern Summit, New Jersey) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Drew University, Department of Anthropology, Drew University Passaic River Survey Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Similar bottles from advertisements and catalogs range from the late 19th and early 20th c. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Maria Masucci Type The nature or genre of the resource Glass Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant These bottles were likely either for mineral water or carbonated soda drinks. This type of bottle was intentionally manufactured with a rounded bottom so that the bottles would lie on their side; the design would prevent the wired down cork from drying out and shrink which would have allowed the contents to loose carbonation and/or evaporate. The bottle type is often referred to as “round bottom sodas” or “ballast bottles” or can be found now referred to as torpedo bottles. The latter name stems from the belief that such bottles were shipped from England to the United States as “ballast,” or weight, in the cargo bays of ships. Usually, this kind of bottle was made in a two-piece mold, though variations were hand-blown. According to historical dating of such bottles, one such as this could have been produced in the United States or Great Britain. According to online resources for antique bottles, the vast majority of this bottle type found in the United States is from Great Britain, specifically the countries of England and Ireland. It is known that the bottles may even have been produced overseas for distributors in the United States such as seen in the Illinois Glass Company’s 1906 catalog, offering a round bottom “ginger ale” bottle design that was very common in the United Kingdom. IIIF Item Metadata UUID db0b8dd6-ecf7-43af-8767-69aeb5a0e30d diet domestic life https://omeka.drew.edu/files/original/bb2b8e6b834beae40e601773341db61a.png 1b51b6d128be9ef1b50a4c78dfccb48b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Passaic River Artifacts IIIF Collection Metadata UUID 489fdc91-9dc6-4c1f-97fc-901000444d27 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource DUPRS_0034 - Lea & Perrins Worcestershire Bottle and Stopper Subject The topic of the resource An American Lea & Perrins Worcestershire Bottle. Description An account of the resource An American Lea & Perrins Worcestershire Bottle. The initials ‘JDS’ on the bottom of the bottle stand for ‘John Duncan Sons’ – the original importer of Lea & Perrins Worcestershire Sauce, located in New York. If the mold seam continues straight through to the top of the bottle, it was made after 1890. If the mold seam stops just before the finish, the bottle was made prior to 1890. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lea & Perrins Worcestershire Sauce by Salem Glass Works Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Selective Surface collection, east Stanley Park, Historic Chatham Township (modern Summit, New Jersey) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Drew University, Department of Anthropology, Drew University Passaic River Survey Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Circa 1870. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Aisha Arain Type The nature or genre of the resource Glass Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant The ‘JDS’ bottle for Lea & Perrins Worcestershire Sauce was first made in 1876 by the Salem Glass Works, Salem New Jersey. Prior to that full bottles were imported from England. The lettering on the bottle guaranteed the customer of the original and genuine Worcestershire sauce. Often copied but never duplicated, it was widely imitated in the 19th century. In the beginning, John Duncan had a license for importing Lea & Perrins Worcestershire sauce into America. He had his own bottles made in England, filled there, and then shipped to America. Later Duncan obtained a new license, and began bottling L&P Worcestershire in America. The first bottles manufactured in America were made in 1876 by the Salem Glass Works in Salem, NJ. Numerals shown on the bottom of the bottle are not part of the trademark, but the numbers are the serial number of the mold that made the bottle. The number will differ because different molds were use. The green color of the bottle is a result of an impurity (iron) in the sand that was used to make the glass. The L&P bottle is a reflection of life at the site. The site may have been a community or a place where people lived. IIIF Item Metadata UUID 279834b8-3420-47b3-b326-dcb52c8efe73 toexport https://omeka.drew.edu/files/original/1f44cae28f285d3d1d310bfea501c16c.png dfeff47903222e1f5de7ccc36e17f03c https://omeka.drew.edu/files/original/ac04e57181a207cec02b7a771936d73c.jpg edadce77028cb2773b10eeaee5cc1feb https://omeka.drew.edu/files/original/eb00b88ca166133116a92cb59c9e1354.jpg 585147a5b47280960726260012b0384b https://omeka.drew.edu/files/original/975eaa41e116b667fa8f2f03d799a706.jpg 8db643d2c1626b37b029b5f10a0613c6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Passaic River Artifacts IIIF Collection Metadata UUID 489fdc91-9dc6-4c1f-97fc-901000444d27 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource DUPRS_0035 Fisk Clark & Flagg Button Subject The topic of the resource Fisk Clark & Flagg (est. 1867) Description An account of the resource Small, metal shank button about 1.5cm wide Bar in the center reveal 2 open slots in the middle of the button Letters legible “AGG” ‘FISK” “LARK” Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fisk Clark & Flagg, probably manufactured in New York Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Selective Surface collection, West, Stanley Park, Historic Chatham Township (modern Summit, New Jersey) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Drew University, Department of Anthropology, Drew University Passaic River Survey Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1867- c. 1891-1902 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ava Valentino Relation A related resource Court of Appeals State of New York. Thomas m. Argall vs. Abraham Jacobs and W. Wisebart. T.J.P. Averell Law Publisher, 29 May 1880, p. 73. “Henry Greene Fisk.” The American Hatter, vol. 31, 1902, p. 84. New York Court of Appeals. Richard W. Bogart vs. J. Kleckner, J. H. Wittigschlager, Daniel E. Rutherford, Frederick D. Clark and William J. Carr. C.G. Burgoyne's "Quick" Print, 22 Aug. 1881, p. 29. The New York Supplement. Fisk vs. Fisk, Clark & Flagg. Volume 76 (New York State Reporter, Volume 110), pp. 482–485. “‘Want’ Ads.” New York Journal, 24 Apr. 1899, p. 13. Type The nature or genre of the resource Metal Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Fisk, Clark & Flagg was founded in 1867 by Henry G. Fisk, Thomas R. Clark and Thomas J. Flagg, “for the purpose of manufacturing and selling gloves, neckwear and other articles of men's attire.” (Fisk v. Fisk, Clark Flagg, 37 Misc. 737, (N.Y. Misc. 1902)). The firm established a well-known name for themselves in their trade and manufacturing, producing high quality goods and becoming a leading figure in lines of gloves, furnishing goods, and shirt waists. They first began business in White Street, New York City, and then moved to several other locations in NYC throughout the decades including 690 Broadway, 686 Broadway, 5 Washington Place, and very briefly, 85 Fifth Avenue. Being that Fisk, Clark & Flagg produced a series of premium clothing and home goods, the men and women of early Chatham belonged most likely to a higher social class. The close vicinity to NYC allowed clothing stores to be conveniently stocked with these goods, demonstrating a close connection between the distribution of goods across states and cities in America. IIIF Item Metadata UUID 782b7444-7d92-4799-ad19-f1f41c4d7a93 https://omeka.drew.edu/files/original/4919990145be7af91c5a720883672d1f.JPG dee4431851d6001c2e9f7f34558c8769 https://omeka.drew.edu/files/original/5d735a929d3cae093cd42e88e9d1fd29.JPG 2a1bf8d2391b0eb6ba0287023905a2db https://omeka.drew.edu/files/original/855c1811d333bb60d566c0c4e2c5f7c6.JPG 523f9c7ab92c1ce07d72faaa68f1b89d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Passaic River Artifacts IIIF Collection Metadata UUID 489fdc91-9dc6-4c1f-97fc-901000444d27 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource DUPRS_0036 Felt Hat Fragments Subject The topic of the resource Unknown Description An account of the resource Large felt hat, what looks to be a beret Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Unknown Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Late 1800's Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ava Valentino Type The nature or genre of the resource Felt IIIF Item Metadata UUID 31783097-7c2b-4c78-8651-1aaad9f63a4e https://omeka.drew.edu/files/original/5c8e03985a77f8b79ea7a43256bbb3ae.JPG 1c87090fb2ac9316bbd39f3cb849d565 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Passaic River Artifacts IIIF Collection Metadata UUID 489fdc91-9dc6-4c1f-97fc-901000444d27 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource DUPRS_0037 Tar Felt Subject The topic of the resource Tar-Covered Felt Shingles Description An account of the resource Multiple pieces of felt, of different sizes and shapes, covered with black tar on both sides of most, and with little gravel pebbles only on one side of some. A few of the pieces seem to have been melted, possibly in a fire. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown, possibly the Stanley Coal Tar Mill Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Stanley Park West Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Mid to Late 1800s Relation A related resource The felt clothes items found at the site. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Drew University, Department of Anthropology, Drew University Passaic River Survey Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Emily Graves Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Tar Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant It was common in this time period for mills to be repurposed as demands changed. As the Stanley Felt Paper Mill stopped producing clothes items in the late 1800s, they instead began to cover the felt they were producing with tar in order to create roof shingles. As there was evidence of felt clothes pieces and uniformly sized tar-covered felt pieces found at the site, this supports that idea. IIIF Item Metadata UUID 25feefc7-1584-4743-8ba0-0c77d2f36ae3 https://omeka.drew.edu/files/original/acaaf15ea100d17bbbe72fccdbddd70a.jpg fb43ba47dfca97018c47bd4d3124ae11 https://omeka.drew.edu/files/original/ed7859bbfe82a31606ee839b3fe2e2a5.png 17770b991caf392bb7d79319d65bc52b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Passaic River Artifacts IIIF Collection Metadata UUID 489fdc91-9dc6-4c1f-97fc-901000444d27 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource DUPRS_0038 Zeh, Scherzer & Co. Subject The topic of the resource Zeh, Scherzer & Co. pottery sherds Description An account of the resource The condition of the sherds is good and the detail on the one sherd is intact. The design is pink flowers with green leaves. Though the pieces are broken, the maker’s mark is still fully visible on one of the sherds. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The bottom of the artifact has a maker’s mark that says “mignon z.s . & co Bavaria.” This maker’s mark dates the artifact to be from 1880 to 1918. The company was settled in Germany. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Selective Surface collection, east Stanley Park, Historic Chatham Township (modern Summit, New Jersey) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Drew University, Department of Anthropology, Drew University Passaic River Survey Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1880-1918 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Juliet LaVigne Type The nature or genre of the resource Ceramic Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant The company 'Zeh, Scherzer & Co.' was founded in 1880 and directly started to produce a wide range of pieces including coffee and tea sets, normal household items and tableware as well as decorated porcelain. During January 1907 and May 1908 'Zeh, Scherzer & Co.' produced a series of items exclusively for the company from New York, 'Geo. Borgfeldt & Co.' Being very successful in its porcelain production and sales, the company opened its own art department in 1908. This was the height of the company’s sales and when it was most likely the most popular. The collaboration between 'Zeh, Scherzer & Co.' and the New York company shows that the porcelain that they produced was bought in the United States as well as in Germany. The company was changed into a limited company on October 7th, 1910. After becoming a limited company, the business started to expand gradually as the name of 'Zeh, Scherzer & Co.' established itself on the German market. Due to low sales, the company stopped production in 1992. IIIF Item Metadata UUID c39eaf82-02d0-4f1c-a186-7f47c7d18064 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Passaic River Artifacts IIIF Collection Metadata UUID 489fdc91-9dc6-4c1f-97fc-901000444d27 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource DUPRS_0039 Stafford Ink Bottle Subject The topic of the resource S.S. Stafford Ink Bottle Description An account of the resource The artifact is a fragment of a bottle; the base of the bottle. The width of the base is 5 ½ cm. The total height of the artifact is 8 cm. The average thickness of the glass is approximately 2/10 cm. The identifiable part of the artifact is the writing on the bottom part of the bottle. The lettering on the bottle is “S.S. Staffo/ Made in” Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource S.S. Stafford Ink Company, New York, USA Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Selective Surface collection, east Stanley Park, Historic Chatham Township (modern Summit, New Jersey) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Drew University, Department of Anthropology, Drew University Passaic River Survey Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Late 1800s to early 1900s Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Juliet LaVigne Type The nature or genre of the resource Glass Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant These bottles were made in the late 1800s. S.S. Stafford was making ink as early as 1858, but the company did not start producing ink commercially until 1869. If the total size of the bottle was reconstructed, a more specific date could be estimated. By understanding the size of the bottle we could look at the records and when this size of bottle was first introduced into the market. During the 19th century, America had a booming ink industry. The ink industry included open wards of 300 different ink makers. All of them were spread out over America. Those best known were Davids, Maynards and Noyes, Carter, Underwood, Stafford, Moore, Davis, Thomas, Stanford, Barnes, Morrell, Walkden, Lyons, Freeman, Murray, Todd, Bonney, Pomeroy, Worthington, Joy, Blair, Cross, Dunlap, Higgins, Paul, Anderson, Woodmansee, Delang, Allen, Stearns, Gobel, Wallach, Bartram, Ford and Harrison. S.S. Stafford Ink Company was founded in New York. “Stafford’s Ink” combined writing and copying ink. S.S. Stafford Ink Company made an appeal in the district court of the southern district of New York. In the 1920s S.S. Stafford Ink Company was in court over a bottle stopper. They brought to court Thaddeus Davids Ink Company, arguing that Davids Ink Co. had taken their produce without prepared consent and sold it on their bottles. This shows how S.S. Stafford had become a big part of the industry. They were making new bottle designs, and also harshly competing with the other ink companies near them. IIIF Item Metadata UUID 1f63293b-0c8c-40ce-b4ea-605e7927cf42 https://omeka.drew.edu/files/original/30e009d6fb4b6769a8a68151726c681d.jpg 1e67b65a4189e854adc330c446fc1bb8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Passaic River Artifacts IIIF Collection Metadata UUID 489fdc91-9dc6-4c1f-97fc-901000444d27 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource DUPRS_0040 Gulden's Mustard Bottle Subject The topic of the resource Gulden's Mustard Bottle Description An account of the resource The artifact is a partially intact clear glass bottle. Although it is a fragmented artifact, most of the bottle is intact. The fragment suggests that the original artifact was not perfectly cylindrical but rather smallest in diameter at the top and bottom and thickest in the middle. The glass is unscathed and clear with very few blemishes. There is partial lettering, and all of the letters on the bottle are clearly readable. These letters are not painted on; they are formed into the glass. The fragment has approximately 6cm in diameter. The fragment measures 7cm in height, however, it does not seem that the fully intact bottle would be more than a few centimeters taller than the fragment. Both the bottom and sides of the bottle were approximately .4cm thick. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gulden's Mustard Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Selective Surface collection, east Stanley Park, Historic Chatham Township (modern Summit, New Jersey) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Drew University, Department of Anthropology, Drew University Passaic River Survey Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource The lettering on this artifact clearly states the words "Gulden:Chase" with "New York" written underneath. The shape and size of the artifact are very similar to that of mustard bottles that were manufactured between the 1890s and the 1920s. There are several documented photographs of bottles also manufactured by Gulden during these times that have the same barrel design as the artifact found also the Passaic River. These bottles are quite bulbous and are meant specifically for mustard. Their bulbous structure allows for easy extraction of the sauce-like condiment. This artifact appears to be a mustard bottle manufactured between 1850 and 1930. The first prototype for this bottle was patented in 1845 and slight variations of the barrel shape were made until the company converted to plastic bottles in the late 20th century. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Juliet LaVigne Relation A related resource Lambert, Tim. A History of Condiments. http:www.localhistories.org/condiments.html Society for Historical Archaeology, identifying bottles: http://www.sha.org/bottle/food.htm#Barrel%20mustard https://sha.org/bottle/Typing/food/guldenad.jpg Type The nature or genre of the resource Glass Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Before the invention of modern food preservatives and fixtures such as refrigerators, spices, sauces, and condiments were almost necessary for eating food. Salt, the first condiment widely used, was used to mask the taste of meat that was less than fresh. It is difficult to interpret the cultural meaning of a condiment like mustard during the early 20th century. However, given this good housekeeping advertisement from 1922, it seems that Gulden's Mustard was advertised as a condiment to be used in upper-class homes. The advertisement shows a hefty steak on top of expensive china with bright silverware and Gulden's Mustard on the side to make the perfect meal. This shows that mustard was a higher class condiment and if you could afford it, it showed status. The advertisement is trying to make people think that they are fancy and higher-class if they buy Gulden's mustard. They want to show that the food will taste better, like high-class food. IIIF Item Metadata UUID d9e87492-a827-416d-b985-62ecac3f27dd https://omeka.drew.edu/files/original/212d12c9d25aa1b864a5e1eba54724da.JPG dd1f41ffbd66a2feba37cb890a42792e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Passaic River Artifacts IIIF Collection Metadata UUID 489fdc91-9dc6-4c1f-97fc-901000444d27 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource DUPRS_0041 James Keiller & Son's Dundee Marmalade Subject The topic of the resource James Keiller & Son's Dundee Marmalade Description An account of the resource These are irregular, partial sherds of glazed ceramic with a white/off-white background and black lettering. On the smallest piece, the letters “KEI--” are legible and there is a leaf pattern above them. On the medium piece, the letters “--R MARMAL-- 1862 –AIN” are legible and there is also a partial leaf pattern. On the largest piece, the letters “& SON'S --DEE --ALADE” are legible and the leaf pattern appears to be in a semi-circular formation around the words. The thickness of the sherds varies due to processes of natural transformation. The glaze is worn off from most of the interior surfaces but the area with glaze intact measures 0.4cm thickness. This is the thickest area on any of the sherds. The smallest sherd measures approximately 2.5cm x 1.5cm, the medium sherd approximately 4cm x 4cm, and the largest sherd approximately 4.5cm x 5cm. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource James Keiller & Son's Dundee Marmalade Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Selective Surface collection, Stanley Park, Historic Chatham Township (modern Summit, New Jersey) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Drew University, Department of Anthropology, Drew University Passaic River Survey Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1862-1898 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ava Valentino Type The nature or genre of the resource Ceramic Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant By the 1870s, the popularity of marmalade had increased. According to the Maling Collectors' Society Newsletter, a great number of the 19th-century pots have been found all over America, from Michigan to Hawaii. Keiller & Son's would have been shipping around the world at this point, thanks to Britain's territorial power. In 1870 the sugar duty was halved and then abolished in 1874, reducing the price of marmalade manufacturing and making it more available to lower-income consumers. Because the sherds are clearly from three separate jars, it can be assumed that the marmalade was a common item in the area, or at least a kitchen staple for one household. Women who might be working in factories or simply seeking to make their household tasks easier, would increasingly be purchasing ready-made goods from grocers. The appearance of branded goods suggests the burgeoning grocery business around the turn of the century 20th century. This would agree with the estimated date being around the late 19th-early 20th century. Though these jars would have been relatively common in the area at the time, they tell a part of the bigger story of the grocery business which would have been a new and revolutionary enterprise and would grow and evolve with America's changing values over the 20th century. IIIF Item Metadata UUID 7970594e-67f5-41a4-920e-28b6170c1695 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Passaic River Artifacts IIIF Collection Metadata UUID 489fdc91-9dc6-4c1f-97fc-901000444d27 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource DUPRS_0045 - P. & J. Arnold Ink bottle produced by J. Bourne & Son potters Subject The topic of the resource Ceramic ink bottle Description An account of the resource The bottle is ceramic which appears wheel thrown due to streak marks and cut base. Brown outside probably from a sort of glaze. Base is 9 cm in diameter, equal to about 3.5 inches. Stamp-marked with the following label: Vitreous Stone Bottle; J Bourne & Son,; (indiscernible); Denby Pottery, Near Derby; P & J. Arnold; London. Unfortunately because the top of the bottle is missing, exactly what this bottle once contained cannot be determined. However, most likely the bottle held ink because P & J. Arnolds was an ink producing company. Based on the ‘Son’ on the back stamp this stone bottle dates post 1841. It was hand thrown on a wheel and glazed with common salt producing the brown glazed finish. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Vitreous Stone Bottle, held the ink produced by P. and J. Arnold Manufactured post 1841 due to labels inclusion of & Son; between 1860-1890. In Denby near Derbyshire England. Exported by P. & J. Arnold of London Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Selective Surface collection, east Stanley Park, Historic Chatham Township (modern Summit, New Jersey) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Drew University, Department of Anthropology, Drew University Passaic River Survey Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Circa 1862. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Aisha Arain Type The nature or genre of the resource Stoneware ceramic Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant    These stone bottles were not high class material, comparable to our contemporary plastic storage containers, they were disposable. The people of the 1800s utilized these stone vessels to store various liquids such as ink, preserves, paste, beer, medicine, varnish, and so on. Compared to glass at the time, stoneware products were economically practical. The company that produced this bottle was named after Joseph Bourne who officially founded the company in 1809 and it continued to manufacture stone bottles until 1976. Joseph’s father William was a potter as well as who, on the horizon of the Industrial Revolution, foresaw the benefits of leasing a large clay bed near Derby which was then passed onto his son. The modest singular kiln company grew steadily over the years. Joseph Bourne’s pottery in Derbyshire England made large quantities of these bottles. For many years P. & J. Arnold of London used Bourne vessels for his ink products. For many years, P. & J. Arnold of London used bourne vessels for his ink products. These ink products, and Joseph Bourne’s containers were heavily imported to the U.S. by the mid 19th century, which could account for this artifact being found along the Passaic River in New Jersey. If there were factories in this area, records would have to be kept and ink to write them in. Bourne’s bottles were not expensive during this time period, unlike glass, and with their thriving factory during the Industrial Revolution it is doubtless their exports reached the ports of New Jersey and New York (New Amsterdam). IIIF Item Metadata UUID e5a3dd49-9015-46c8-89c1-153b9ba266eb toexport